The Penumbra ACE 068 catheter and Medtronic ARC catheter measured 20.87 g and 16.78 g respectively. The Microvention Sofia catheter generated the greatest tip force (21.32 g), and the Stryker AXS Catalyst 6 catheter generated the smallest tip force (15.88 g). The flow rate was calculated by measuring the volume of room temperature water aspirated through each catheter over a given time. Catheter tip pressure was measured by attaching the catheter to a vacuum pressure gauge and an aspiration pump. In this study, we compare the force and aspiration qualities of commercially available catheters.įour different catheters with varying inner diameters were set up in a bench top model to test catheter tip pressure and flow rate.
The direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) uses force and aspiration for clot removal without the aid of separators or retrievers. Given the high morbidity and mortality of stroke, there remains a demand for techniques that provide rapid and safe intervention while improving time to recanalization. Taken together with the histopathological findings in one patient, the data also suggest that inflammation might not be restricted within the CNS blood vessels, but rather be extended to brain parenchyma to promote IL-6 production presumably by glial cells. These results strongly suggest that elevation of CSF IL-6 activity may underly the common pathogenetic mechanism of CNS involvement of vasculitides irrespective of their category. All these patients also showed elevation of serum IL-6 activity in parallel with systemic symptoms, such as fever and/or elevation of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In one of the three patients, cerebral vasculitis was demonstrated histologically. All three patients showed marked elevation of CSF IL-6 activity in parallel with the CNS disease activity. Three patients with vasculitides of different categories who showed CNS manifestations were studied, including polyarteritis nodosa, temporal arteritis, and Behcet's disease. We evaluated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin-6 (IL-6) activity in relation to the CNS disease activity in vasculitides. The pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in vasculitides remains unclear. In the ninth patient, diffusion-weighted imaging showed a small linear hyperintense lesion with normal ADC in the left parietooccipital region.ĭiffusion-weighted imaging shows primarily two patterns of acute or subacute parenchymal lesions in patients with SLE: acute or subacute infarction and vasogenic edema with or without microinfarcts. These foci presumably represent microinfarcts associated with SLE vasculopathy. In the other two, small hyperintense foci on diffusion-weighted images with decreased ADC were seen within the vasogenic edema. In two of these four patients, the findings were consistent with hypertensive encephalopathy. In four other patients, it primarily showed iso- or slightly hyperintense lesions with increased ADC, suggesting vasogenic edema. In four of the nine patients with lesions, diffusion-weighted imaging primarily showed hyperintense lesions with decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which indicates acute or subacute infarcts. In the other 11, it showed no abnormal findings or chronic lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine the range of findings at diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and central nervous system involvement.ĭiffusion-weighted MR images were reviewed in 20 patients with SLE and correlated with clinical symptoms and findings at computed tomography, conventional MR imaging, MR angiography, or conventional angiography.ĭiffusion-weighted MR imaging showed acute or subacute lesions in nine of 20 patients (45%).
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